Estudo fitoquímico e biológico da espécie Ocotea nutans(Nees) Mez, lauraceae

Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Josiane de Fátima Gaspari DiasCoorientadora : Profª. Drª. Marilis Dallarmi MiguelDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Defesa: Curitiba, 05/08/2016Inclui referências : f. 86-97Área de concentração: Insumos, medicamentos e correlatosResumo: A espécie Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez, pertencente à família Lauraceae, é encontrada no Paraná sendo endêmica da Floresta Ombrófila Mista. A ausência de trabalhos sobre essa espécie motivou o desenvolvimento desse estudo, que teve por objetivos investigar a composição química desta espécie vegetal verificando suas propriedades biológicas e analisar suas características morfológicas. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada de acordo com metodologia padrão de microscopia ótica e eletrônica. Ocotea nutans apresentou folhas lanceoladas e base cuneada em pecíolo. A lâmina foliar apresenta cutícula lisa em ambas as superfícies, estômato paracítico e mesofilo dorsiventral. Não foi observada a presença de tricomas em Ocotea nutans, característica diferente ao proposto para Lauraceae. Ao realizar a técnica de microscopia foi observada a presença de diversas células secretoras, o que motivou a busca de óleo essencial nesta espécie e sua identificação. Após a identificação do óleo por CG/EM foram encontrados como compostos majoritários o biciclogermacreno e o Dgermacreno, terpenos de mesma origem metabólica. Além do óleo essencial foram utilizados folhas e o caule da espécie para preparo do extrato bruto. Após a obtenção do extrato bruto, este foi fracionado com solventes de polaridade crescente para obter as frações hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e residual. Os extratos e frações obtidos foram submetidos ao ensaio sistemático fitoquímico por CCD elencando os possíveis metabólitos que possam estar presentes na espécie. Os extratos brutos, frações e o óleo essencial foram avaliados em testes de triagem toxicológica in vitro e ao ensaio da atividade antimicrobiana pelo método CIM. Após avaliação dos resultados apresentados nos testes escolhidos foi observado que a espécie Ocotea nutans possui um potencial tóxico. Merecem destaque os extratos brutos, as frações hexano e o óleo essencial por apresentarem potencial tóxico e perspectivas para o uso em outras atividades biológicas. Palavras-chave: Lauraceae. Ocotea. Morfologia vegetal. Óleo essencial. ToxicidadeAbstract: The Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez, belonging to the Lauraceae family, is found in Paraná being endemic to the Araucaria Forest. The absence of studies on this species motivated the development of this study, in which we aimed to investigate the chemical composition of this plant species checking their biological properties and analyze their morphological characteristics. Morphological characterization was performed according to standard methodology for light and electron microscopy. Ocotea nutans presented lanceolate leaves and cuneate base into the petiole. The blade features smooth cuticle on both surfaces, paracitic stomata and dorsiventral mesophyll. It wasn't observed the presence of trichomes in Ocotea nutans, different characteristic to the proposed Lauraceae. When performing microscopy technique it was observed the presence of several secretory cells, which led to essential oil search in this species and its identification. After identifying the oil by GC/MS were found to majoritarian compounds bicyclogermacrene and D-germacrene, terpenes of same metabolic origin. Addition to the essential oil, leaves and dry stems were used for the preparation of the crude extract. After obtaining the crude extract, this was fractionated by solvents with increasing polarity to obtain fractions hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and residual. The extracts obtained fractions were subjected to phytochemical systematic assay CCD listing the possible metabolites which may be present in the species. And the crude extracts, fractions, and the essential oil were evaluated for toxicological screening tests in vitro and testing the antimicrobial activity by the method MIC. After evaluation of the results presented in the chosen testing it was observed that Ocotea nutans species has toxic potential. Worth mentioning the crude extracts, the hexane fractions and essential oil for presenting toxicological potential and prospects for use in other biological activities. Keywords: Lauraceae. Ocotea. Plant morphology. Essential oil. Toxicit

Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae): chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and biological properties of essential oil

The present study was undertaken to assess the potential uses of the essential oil obtained from Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez. The hydrodistilled essential oil from O. nutans leaves was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty-eight compounds representing 87,29% of the total leaf essential oil components were identified, of which biciclogermacrene(11.41%), germacrene-D (4.89%), bisabolol11-ol(3.73%) and spathulenol (3.71%) were the major compounds. The essential oil from O. nutans were tested for antibacterial activity using the minimum inhibitory concentracion (MIC) method, Artemia salina method, larvicidal activity in Aedes aegypti, and antioxidant capacity.The antioxidant activity measured by the phosphomolybdenum complex and Prussian blue method had positive results. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the microorganisms tested allowed moderate inhibitionfor Enterococcus faecalis(MIC=500 µg/mL). Artemia salina were toxic to the organisms in the study (LC50= 71,70 μg /mL). The essential oil showed remarkable larvicidal activity potencial (LC50= 250 µg/mL). The present results showed that O. nutans essential oil has potential biological uses

Phytochemical and morpho-anatomical study of the vegetative organs of Psychotria fractistipula L.B.Sm., R.M. Klein & Delprete (Rubiaceae)

Psychotria fractistipula L.B.Sm, R.M. Klein & Delprete (Rubiaceae) is found in the existing Atlantic Forest in the South of Brazil, in the Paraná and Santa Catarina States. The members of Rubiaceae are characterized chemically by the presence of alkaloids, some pharmacological properties of which include antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antiviral activities. In this study, we report the results of anatomical, morphological, and histochemical analyses of the leaves and stems of the Rubiaceae family member, P. fractistipula. The anatomical analysis involved of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Morpho-anatomical and histochemical characterization were made using standard methodology. The isolated compounds were identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic analysis. The following structures are highlighted as the distinctive features of the species: presence of petiolate leaves and a petiole base, leaf blade with smooth cuticle on both surfaces, paracytic stomata, and, dorsiventral mesophyll and presence of trichomes on the leaves and stems. Phytosteroids, identified as β-sitosterol and campesterol, were observed in the hexane fraction of the stem. Future studies should focus on the isolation of other fractions of interest and their characterization through specific biological and cytotoxicity assays

CONTROLE DA ESTABILIDADE DE EMULSÕES MULTIPLAS

Caracterizadas por serem um sistema carreador complexo contendo duas emulsões distintas que coexistem simultaneamente, as emulsões múltiplas apresentam muitas vantagens e aplicações, contudo manter a sua estabilidade apresenta-se ainda como um grande desafio. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura existente além de uma análise sobre os principais fatores que interferem no controle da estabilidade da emulsão múltipla. Dentre os fatores destaca-se a presença de eletrólitos, a concentração do componente ativo osmótico, a influência dos aditivos estabilizantes, a natureza da fase oleosa, a propriedade dos filmes interfaciais e a relação de volume entre as fases, assim como o método de preparo. A observação desses fatores pode propiciar a elaboração e o uso das emulsões múltiplas de maneira proveitosa e propiciar a sua maior aplicabilidade em produtos farmacêuticos

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante, antimicrobiana, toxicológica e larvicida de Psychotria fractistipula L.B. Sm., Klein e Delprete

The objective of this study was to assess the potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and toxicological properties of crude extracts and fractions obtained from the leaves and stem of Psychotria fractistipula L.B. Sm., Klein & Delprete. The content of phenolic compounds varied significantly between samples (783.70–78.22 GAE mg/g), with the highest concentrations being in the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves and stem (679.39 and 783.70 GAE mg/g, respectively). The latter yielded also the best IC50 of the DPPH radical, which amounted to 9.48 and 4.75 µg/mL, respectively; whereas other samples ranged up to 156.64 µg/mL. Similarly, phosphomolybdenum activity varied between 90.17% and 16.00%, with the ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and stem corresponding to 90.17% and 87.37%, respectively. Antimicrobial activity was elevated in the leaves crude extract (Staphylococcus aureus, 62.5 µg/mL), leaves ethyl acetate fraction (S. aureus, 31.25 µg/mL; Enterococcus faecalis, 62.4 µg/mL), and the stem ethyl acetate fraction (S. aureus, 31.25 µg/mL; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 62.5 µg/mL). Hemolytic activity was high in the chloroform fractions of the leaves (1000 µg/mL) and stem (500 µg/mL). Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti was observed in the hexane fraction of the stem (LC50, 297.44 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fractions of the stem and leaves were toxic to Artemia salina, with LC50 values of 277.91 and 933.89 µg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that P. fractistipula may constitute an unexplored source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials with low toxicity.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as potenciais propriedades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas e toxicológicas dos extratos brutos e frações obtidos das folhas e caule de Psychotria fractistipula L.B. Sm., Klein & Delprete. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos variou significativamente entre as amostras (783,70-78,22 GAE mg / g), com as concentrações mais altas na fração acetato de etila das folhas e caule (679,39 e 783,70 GAE mg / g, respectivamente). Essas frações também apresentaram a melhor IC50 frente ao radical DPPH, que totalizaram 9,48 e 4,75 µg/mL, respectivamente; enquanto outras amostras variaram até 156, 64 µg/mL. Da mesma forma, a atividade do fosfomolibdênio variou entre 90,17% e 16,00%, com as frações de acetato de etila das folhas e caule correspondendo a 90,17% e 87,37%, respectivamente. A atividade antimicrobiana foi elevada no extrato bruto de folhas (Staphylococcus aureus, 62,5 µg/mL), na fração de acetato de etila das folhas (S. aureus, 31,25 µg/mL; Enterococcus faecalis, 62,4 µg/mL) e na fração de acetato de etila do caule (S aureus, 31,25 µg/mL; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 62,5 µg/mL). A atividade hemolítica foi alta nas frações de clorofórmio das folhas (1000 µg/mL) e caule (500 µg/mL). Observou-se atividade larvicida contra Aedes aegypti na fração hexano do caule (CL50, 297,44 µg/mL). As frações de acetato de etila do caule e das folhas foram tóxicas para Artemia salina, com valores de CL50 de 277,91 e 933,89 µg/mL, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam que P. fractistipula pode constituir uma fonte inexplorada de antioxidantes e antimicrobianos naturais com baixa toxicidade

Chemical composition and biological activity of Baccharis erioclada DC. essential oil

The chemically complex essential oils of Baccharis species are associated with several biological activities, such as antimicrobial and antiulcerous properties. However, few studies have investigated Baccharis erioclada DC. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize the essential oil of B. erioclada and evaluate its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hemolytic potential. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phosphomolybdenum complex formation, reducing antioxidant power, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods were used to determine antioxidant potential. To evaluate the essential oil’s antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were calculated. Hemolytic activity was determined in sheep red blood cells. Thirty-one compounds were identified via GC-MS analysis, representing 81.60% of the total essential oil. These compounds included: turmerone (27.97%), fokienol (13.47%), ledol (9.78%), and santalol (5.35%). The class of compounds identified was the oxygenated sesquiterpenes (62.52%). Antioxidant activity was confirmed via phosphomolybdenum complex formation and TBARS methods. Moderate antimicrobial activity and low hemolysis rates were displayed at concentrations of 250 and 500 μg/mL

Evaluation of the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of Bjerkandera adusta

Bjerkandera adusta, a globally distributed fungus, is commonly used in the nutritional practices of the East Asian population. In this study, we evaluated the nutritional composition of the lyophilized mycelium of B. adusta as well as the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of its extracts. The mycelium exhibited moisture (7.97 %), ash (3.27 %), and fiber (5.31 %) content values similar to the established values reported in the available literature. In addition, a high protein (9.32 %) and carbohydrate (63.45 %) content was shown, with a low lipid (1.36 %) content. The energy value per 100 g sample of mycelium was 1445.85 kJ. The results obtained indicated a statistically significant variation (p < 0.05) in the phenolic composition (81.84-110.96 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of extract), free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (IC50 29.05-340.46 µg·mL-1), phosphomolybdenum antioxidant content (34.89-55.64 %), reduction of ferricyanide ion (66.55-69.4 %), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values (44.66-133.03 %). These results are unprecedented for this species and emphasize its nutraceutical potential

Risk Categorization Using New American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for Cholesterol Management and Its Relation to Alirocumab Treatment Following Acute Coronary Syndromes

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042551CIRCULATION140191578-158